The caste system is undeniably a distinctive feature of Indian society, deeply rooted in its history and culture for thousands of years. Based on caste, it has given rise to a complex web of social hierarchies. Caste membership is a birthright, and individuals cannot change their caste until their passing. Even if one does not personally adhere to the concept of caste, society often identifies them by their caste position.

Caste System A Form of Closed Stratification

The caste system is a prime example of closed stratification. Individuals are locked into their societal status based on their caste, leaving them with limited opportunities to change their social standing.

While the caste system is primarily associated with Hinduism, the divisions into castes and sub-castes are also observed among other religious communities, including Muslims and Jains in India. The castesystem wields significant influence over the broader Indian social structure. Though the traditional form of the caste system is evolving, it still endures.

What is a caste? | What is CasteSystem

Caste has been described in various ways by scholars:

• According to Mujumdar and Madan, “Caste is a closed class.”
• Iravati Karve defines it as “an extended family.”
• Dressler and Willis describe a caste system as “a status system of relations that prevents one from attaining a higher social rank or position than that obtained at birth.”

Characteristics of the Caste System

Dr. Go. S. Ghurye, a renowned researcher, has extensively studied the castesystem and its complexities. He outlined the primary characteristics of the caste system in his book, ‘Caste, Class, and Occupation,’ emphasizing its closed nature:

Segmental Division of Society

The castesystem divides society into segments, with each caste occupying a specific place in the hierarchy.

Hierarchy

A clear social hierarchy is established, with some castes enjoying more privileges and prestige than others.

Control on Social Relationships

The castesystem exerts control over social interactions and relationships, dictating who can interact with whom.

Religious Restrictions

Caste often comes with religious restrictions and obligations that members must adhere to.

Limitations on Occupation Selection

Caste influences the choice of occupation, limiting individuals to certain professions or trades.

Endogamous Groups

Marriage within one’s own caste, known as endogamy, is a common practice, reinforcing the boundaries between castes.

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